Opec Saving Oil And Going Green - 2559 Words

OPEC: Saving Oil Going Green Historians look back upon the beginning of the industrial age as the beginning of the coal era; future historians will surely look back at this modern day and describe it as the oil era. Between transportation, heating, and industry oil can be found in many different forms throughout the entire world. Oil is as much an economic and political tool as it is a fuel; politicians haggle with it, wars are fought over it, and the absence of it can send entire economies into a decline. With such a large dependence on oil the question is raised, what will happen when the oil, like other limited fossil fuels, is gone? How will this crisis affect the regions of the world that rely on oil and the regions that produce†¦show more content†¦This is evident even today as existing oil producers are reaching their peaks of production, or their production as plateaued and is no longer growing to match demand. The Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas USA ( ASPO) reports that of the 42 largest oil producers in the world, which account for 98% of all oil production in the world, about 30 have plateaued or peaked. ASPO also notes that of the 12 major OPEC nations,  ½ have peaked or plateaued. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has calculated the average depletion rate of oil to be about 5.1% per year meaning that production of oil drops around 3.7 million barrels per day each year. The peak oil crisis is such a demanding threat because as the world’s supply of oil is peaking the demand is rising. The IEA states that given the trend of population growth the demand for oil is rising 1.6% a year. This means that the growing demand will call for 64 million additional barrels of oil per day by the year 2030, this being the equivalent of 6 new Saudi Arabias (ASPO). It becomes clear that the peak oil dilemma is pressing, but it is especially pressing for organizations like OPEC. OPEC is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Co untries and is an international organization between oil rich nations which work to control, stabilize, and influence the price and exportation of oil. Many countries throughout the world import their oil from OPEC countries which

Autism and Psychology Free Essays

Autism: â€Å"Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human†¦ â€Å"(Aristotle, 328 B. C. in Aronson, 1995). We will write a custom essay sample on Autism and Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now We have been designed from birth to need and trust and socialize with one another in various ways. Yet, why is it so difficult for some but not for others. I have a four year old Autistic son that also has severe developmental delays due to prematurity and birthing complications. There are days that he gets frustrated at not even being able to communicate basic needs or just wants to be in his own world, left to his own device. That for anyone is rough, but knowing I am his mother makes it worse. Social interaction is such an important part of growing as not only a human being, but also for the brain. Even from the beginning of time man has leaned on the premise of needing that companionship and contact with the world around them. Being from the South, you are instructed and taught from day one to be cordial and have social interactions regularly with others in and out of your class, race, or religion. But what if you cannot convey and relate to the social customs? Does that mean you are to forever be labeled as a deviant, eccentric, or antisocial? If it is funding that you have mental issues you don’t discuss them or you are forever looked at as a child. Traditionally, that means that these individuals were ostracized, stigmatized and even eliminated for the good of the whole, as the compromised the very fabric of society by proposing to build a group of individuals, somewhat like a cult, that were interconnected forever( Aronson, 1995). Animal test subjects have been well conditioned to run through mazes or pressed bars for food or to avoid electric shocks administered by researchers; likewise humans comply within similar consequences. Furthermore, it has also been documented that behavior motivated by external consequences is relatively short-lived, ceasing with the consequence is no longer available (Thompson, Iwata, 2001). This can even be seen when a mother is watching her children, and then steps out. The children understand to behave in both situations and the latter situation may have a punishment if that direction is not followed properly. Yet, as soon as the mother steps out, the non-conformist child will misbehave, only because of the punishment, even if the other sibling(s) is behaving themselves properly. Something stops a child like this from comprehending why this is wrong and what is truly acceptable. This may be in part to some issues with the connections to neuro-transmitters or lack thereof. Often times these children are not even motivated by reward systems, they will continue to misbehave at some point even when the mother returns, almost challenging her. Therefore, they will never be in society as an integral part, but as part of the problem. This, however, is not true for Autistic children. They wish to be the same, but again, the neuro-transmitters misfire and do not allow for them to ‘compare apples to oranges’. In 1943 Leo Kanner named such children as, socially withdrawn. He outlined the social disorder in 11 boys that he studied as an â€Å"autistic disturbance of affective contact† because of their apparent disinterest in other people and inability to be socially influenced (Kanner, 1943, in Frith, 1989). In spite of this, in 1984 the American Psychiatric Association, deemed this as a pervasive disorder, among others, and now it is simply known as Autism (APA, 1984). Over the past ten years Autism has been redefined again as the most complicated neurological disorder affecting the central nervous system of a large number of people. It is also the most confusing and pervasive of the developmental disorders as little is known for a cause, there is no cure, and treatments vary among individuals (Frith Happe’, 1994). The typical stereotype of an individual with autism describes a withdrawn, mute child with an inverted gaze engaged in repetitive activities or self-stimulatory behaviors, ASD or Autism Spectrum Disorder, ranges from severe to very mild(Mesibov Burack, 2001). Yet, the ones that have such disorders, have recently been labeled as Autistic due to lack of social prowess and extreme knowledge and fixation on one profession. These subsets of children can often times appear normal within the first year but start regressing in knowledge and skill, or not improving or gain skills at all. Eventually, one can build a wall to even keep family out, or fixate on something so hard it becomes an obsession or routine that if stopped could be mentally, physically, and socially detrimental(Kennedy Shukla, 1995). Although, it is also important to remember that individuals with ASD are not totally withdrawn, socially and may even interact from time to time, but this can be limited. I know as more going from hearing your child say ‘I love you’ and hug often, to once or twice week is difficult. The first time my son ran and hugged me and looked me in the eye was very emotional for me, but he did not understand. This leads to my next point: cognition. As I said before many ASD children do not understand emotions or are seldom empathetic. They may ask questions about the emotions you are showing but do not fully understand what you are telling them. This again is due to a misfiring of neuor-transmitters. That is why so many ASD children really like Thomas the Train. He teaches them emotions and what the facial expressions mean. My son now understand crying, anger, and excitement. Therefore, while they have a social desire, the interference in the cognitive system proves to be the main problem (Happe, 1999; Baron-Cohen, 1985; Dodge, 1980). Cognitive processing systems such as motivation, decision making and emotions are believed to be prompted when one responds to stimuli. These stimuli characterize the different mental states (desires, imagination, emotions, etc. ) that psychologists believe to be the cause of ones actions. Yet, without appropriately developed social cognition individuals have difficulty forming social relationships with others and this is evidenced by poor social behavior (Baron-Cohen, 2000). A study was designed to test this theory, and it found that 64% of individuals with ASD have first degree relatives with more extensive mental health issues, like major depression, and 39% had other social phobias (Smalley, et al, 1995). That being said, one can conclude that unlike other studies, ASD maybe a genetic disease mutated from other mental illness issues. This would also help the justice system that was once scandalized by improprieties of inmates due to a lack of knowledge. By understanding what type of ASD and the severity one can simply argue mental illness? Now I am not condoning every run out on the crazy defense, but if the shoe fits, why would we just put someone who is innocent into the system as done years ago. Think of the good old days when one could be simply thrown in jail for no id or not talking but if you have a mentally ill or developmentally disabled individual, and you put them in an environment that is rough, harsh, and not anything like their routine, it is no wonder why we had so many inmate suicides and still do inmates slip through the cracks continuously. But we may never see that happen due to public opinion. We as a society look at children with developmental delays or ASD as animals. I find it sickening. Or we think the parent does not discipline the child. Yet, due to lack of cognitive understanding, it would gain to reason why one does not benefit from punishing this type of child; they simply do not understand and are eager to please. Some may disagree but my son’s doctor actually explained to us that anything more than timeout/cool down period would be over his head. Even taking away toys would be ineffective. So the next time you are at a store take that into consideration. Now that I am off of my soapbox consider this: The acceptance of inadequacies in the empathizing process of individuals with Autism can offer more tolerance of the behaviors they display. Thus, they are not capable enough to calculate the conduct of others readily and we would expect an avoidance of impulsive situations. This is apparent in the outbursts and obsessive behaviors these individuals show in an effort to control and maintain routines in their environments (Dodge, 1980). Now some can point to sensory issues, needing to feel secure through various methods close to the five senses. A lot of the Autism community says that therapies for these aversions and how to cope will cause the ASD patient to understand, control, and manipulate to achieve a normal life. Nevertheless, the sensory struggles coincide with socio-emotional issues and are noted as early as infancy. Hence, the various longitudinal studies of infants later diagnosed with autism show empty eye gaze, poor response to name, aloofness, reduced looking-at-faces, and deficits in directing attention (Mottron Burack, 2001). And while it appears that these skills, as well as impairments in early social-communication skills and joint attention are present long before speech and mind blindness develop (Koegel Mentis, 1985; Shanker, 2004; Wing Gould, 1979). Additionally, developmental theories on attachment and affective responsiveness have suggested that children with impaired social emotional relating in infancy will not develop appropriate social understanding and as a result social interaction and communication skills will suffer (Kennedy Shukla, 1995). In spite of that, Supporters of the theory of mind suggest that people with Autism lack the ability to comprehend thoughts and experiences that occur outside of themselves (Happe, 1991). While I can see that, since my son gets stuck on one thing that happened and will talk about it for months as though it happened yesterday, the difficulty in understanding the mental thoughts of others often results in bizarre communication patterns (Happe, 1999). Thus, blindness and a clear lack of meeting of the minds, also appears to interfere with the ability to identify with others or to understand another person’s point of view (Shanker, 2004). So do we really know what people with Autism need, or are we just grabbing air in a world full of marshmallows? Bibliography American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV (1984). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. ). American Psychiatric Association. Aronson, E. (1995). The social animal. (7th ed. ). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company. Baron-Cohen, S. (1985). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Baron-Cohen, S. (2000). Theory of mind and autism: A fifteen year review. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg ; D. J. Cohen (Eds), Understanding other minds: perspectives from developmental cognitive neuroscience (pp. 3-20). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dodge, K. (1980) Social cognition and children’s aggressive behavior. Child Development. 51, 162-170. Frith, U. (1989). Autism: Explaining the enigma. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Frith, U. , Happe, F. (1994). Autism: Beyond †theory of mind. † Cognition, 50, 115-132. Happe, F. (1991). The autobiographical writings of three asperger syndrome adults; problems of interpretation and implications for theory. In U. Frith (Ed. ), Autism and asperger syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Happe, F. (1999). Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 6, 216-222. Kennedy, C. H. , Shukla, S, (1995). Social interaction research for people with autism as a set of past, current, and emerging propositions. Behavioral Disorders, 21, 21-35. Koegel, R. L. , Mentis, M. (1985). Motivation in childhood autism: Can they or won’t they? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 26, 185-191. Mesibov, G. B. , Adams, L. W. , ; Klinger, L. G. (1997). Autism: Understanding the disorder. New York, NY: Plenum Press. Shanker, S. (2004). The roots of mindblindness. Theory ; Psychology, 14, 5, 685-703. Smalley SL, McCracken J, Tanguay P. (1995). Autism, affective disorders, and social phobia. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 27, 60, 1, 19-26. Thompson, R. H. , ; Iwata, B. A. (2001). A descriptive analysis of social consequences following problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34, 169-178. Wing, L. , ; Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 11-29. How to cite Autism and Psychology, Essay examples

Transformational Leaders Emirates Trading Agency

Question: Discuss about theTransformational Leadersfor Emirates Trading Agency. Answer: Introduction In the Middle East, most of the companies are working as per the instruction of transformational leadership and Emirates Trading Agency (ETA) is one of them. The best example of transformational leadership is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the company (ETA) who works with subordinates for identifying the changes which are needed for the company in the Middle East. He creates a vision and also guides a range through inspiration. CEO of the company can define as a transformational leadership who processes changing and transforming an individual's performance which involves an unusual form of influence that follower moves for the accomplishment of more than its expectation. The companys CEO has concerns with emotions, values, ethics, standards and long-term goals in the Middle East (Avolio, 2013). Determination of the Key Transformational Qualities A Clear Vision: CEO of ETA must have a clear vision of the organization to run the business properly. He can communicate clearly and to achieve some common goals and objectives in the Middle East (Yammarino, 2013). Courage and Self Motivation: CEO must have the courage to take new challenges and issues in the company. He is self-motivated by his nature because he maintains the mission and vision success of the company as well as motivates the employee of the company in the Middle East (Mossholder, 2013). The inspiration of Vision and Challenge: The Companys CEO works according to the mission and vision statement of the organization. He has the quality to maintain new challenges and vision statement in the organization. His work is based on personal passion and can inspire the customers to buy the product of the company (Feild, 2013). Setting organization Standard: CEO of the company can maintain the standard of the company in the Middle East. He also sees if there is any change required in setting and development function of the company (Armenakis, 2013). Pleasing Personality: The Companys CEO must have a pleasant voice in front of his customers to maintain good and efficient CRM with customers. A good behavior and voice of leaders attract customers to buy the product of ETA in the Middle East (Carter, 2013). Impact of CEO as a Transformational Leadership in the Company Communication Skills: The Companys CEO has a major impact on communication skills because he deals with the customer as per his opinion. He has the power to develop communication skills in the company (Birasnav, 2014). Growth and Development: The CEO as a transformational leadership of ETA must have an impact in the organization in maintaining and transforming the growth and development in the Middle East. An effective CEO must have the ability to develop business consistently into the target market. Organizational Change and Development: A chief executive officer of the company must impact the development and organizational change and also reaches its success in every level of the company. He also affects the organization in facing new challenges and tools related to the success of ETA in the Middle East (Al Azzeh, 2013). Increasing performance: The CEO as a leader of ETA can increase working performance of the company with the help of employees as well as make a determination of vital intervention which is needed for the company in the Middle East (Birasnav, 2014). Development Skills of a CEO to Become a Transformational Leadership Think Critically: A chief executive officer of the company must have to think about the development strategy growth and success of the company to become a transformational leadership in the Middle East. Initiatives: To be a transformational leader, an effective CEO has to take some critical initiatives for the growth of the company such as maintains an integrity of the organization. Effectiveness: It is one of the essential skills for the CEO in ETA to become a transformational leadership of the company. He has to listen clearly in the training and development program about the growth and success in the Middle East organization (Newman, 2013). Discipline: Discipline is much required at the time of becoming a transformational leadership in Emirates Trading Agency. A CEO has to be self-disciplined to become a transformational leader. Figure 1: Structure of Transformational Leadership Source: (www.leadershipstrategy.com) Success of the Emirates Trading Agency Depends on Transformational Leadership (CEO) It has been considered that success of the company wholly depends on effective CEO as a transformational leadership. As per my opinion, a transformational leader can be a CEO who has to maintain the entire performance of the company to reach business at its success point. He has to maintain all the departmental work related to any training and development program for the growth of the company. A CEO works according to the mission and vision statement of the company in the Middle East (Sheikh, 2013). Potentials and Suggestions to Develop the Leadership Skills of the Company In the Middle East, the organization system is not properly maintained, for this, a CEO as a transformational leadership must need to take potentials and ideas to grow up the business. He needs to maintain current market affairs and needs to maintain wastage in ETA in the Middle East. He has to set up some training and development program to run the business successfully in the Middle East. He has the power to take risks and makes some fundamental decisions for the growth of Emirates Trading Agency in the Middle East country. References Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013).Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Birasnav, M. (2014). Knowledge management and organizational performance in the service industry: The role of transformational leadership beyond the effects of transactional leadership.Journal of Business Research,67(8), 1622-1629. Carter, M. Z., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., Mossholder, K. W. (2013). Transformational leadership, relationship quality, and employee performance during the continuous incremental organizational change.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(7), 942-958. Sheikh, A. Z., Newman, A., Al Azzeh, S. A. F. (2013). Transformational leadership and job involvement in the Middle East: the moderating role of individually held cultural values.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(6), 1077-1095.

The Hobbit Double Entry Journal Prompts free essay sample

Although the men keep alive old traditions in a new era, this quote symbolizes how the majority of things have changed in this world. This excerpt situates the dwarves in the present time frame where power has shifted to evil forces, how the dwarves lost control of their mountain city, and also how old legendary maps don’t so well in a new environment. The men never really experienced what it was like to live in a time where everyone and everything blended harmoniously. After reading this in the book, I immediately made a mental connection to a memory of the 6th grade. At the peak of the swine flu epidemic, my school started to administer vaccines to protect the students against the disease. I forgot to hand in a consent form to give them permission for a vaccine, so instead of getting a vaccine, I got the nasal mist in my nose. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hobbit Double Entry Journal Prompts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The nurse asked me what my favorite fruit was, and I replied â€Å"umm.. apples! † Not knowing what it was for, she made the thick goo they shot up my nose apple flavored. This was probably one of the weirdest feelings I have ever experienced. Just like Fili, I did not want to smell apples for a long time. This excerpt I picked reminds me of a part of the Odyssey. The specific part I am referencing to is the Suitors. After learning how expensive it is to have company over for an occasion, the connection I made between both pieces of literature only emphasizes this idea by giving more evidence. â€Å"Not at any rate until the songs have come true! † (Tolkien 186) â€Å"They beat on it, they thrust and pushed at it, they implored it to move, they spoke fragments of broken spells of opening, and nothing stirred. † (Tolkien 190) â€Å"Tomorrow begins the last week of autumn. Said Thorin one say. â€Å"And winter comes after autumn,† said Bifur. â€Å"And next year after that,† said Dwalin, â€Å"and our beards will grow till they hang down the cliff to the valley before anything happens here. † (Tolkien 193) I purposely picked this quote to talk about my reasoning of how these words relate to the current generation of music. There is little or no rate of songs that are produced today that stay true to the art of music. For starters, most songs today aren’t even made with â€Å"real† instruments. Secondly, almost all of the big time artists are auto-tuned. It isn’t the strongest reference I have made, but I just can’t stand how the stuff they call music is so greatly praised. As the group searches for the secret entrance Elrond has promised the dwarves based on the map, their failure to open the door foreshadows further struggle. The group will encounter more forms of resistance, because this isn’t even the worst part of their luck they have been blessed with. This quote also shows the much repeated theme of perseverance displayed throughout the novel. The excerpt I presented here shows how the race against time is presented for the crew. This is because they do not have forever to complete their tasks. Since they get agitated at how long parts of their quest take, it highlights qualities of the average Joe that they possess. They are not a group of godly, or immortal beings. We saw them cut down to size similarly when they were trapped by the wolves. â€Å"The most that can be said for the dwarves it this: they intended to pay Bilbo really handsomely for his services; they had brought him to do a nasty job for them. And they did not mind the poor little fellow doing it if he would: bit they would all have done their best to get him out of trouble, if he got into it† (Tolkien 196) I have absolutely no use for dragon-guarded treasures and the whole lot could stay here forever, if only I could wake up and find this beastly tunnel was my own front-hall at home† (Tolkien 198) â€Å"†¦but rising from the near side of the rocky floor there is a great glow. The glow of the Smaug! † (Tolkien 200) I ha d to chew this quote up a little bit and ponder upon it. A side of the dwarves that has not yet been shown is expressed here. I believe it is greed. The dwarves seem to be using Bilbo for his talents – which make up a good thief. There isn’t much to say about the dwarves if they used Bilbo all along as their scapegoat. Bilbo speaks for himself in this quote. He is not there to be someone’s tag along. He has a mind of his own and knows what is right and wrong. He also yearns for the safety and comfort of his own home when thrown into the midst of a sticky situation. I can say that Bilbo is a very convincing being. I specifically picked this quote because we have heard of the dragon throughout the whole book, but this is the first actual account we have about Bilbo’s encounter with the dragon – first hand. The dragon is pictured as any other dragon from a mythical tale would be. The first and most important trait being the dragon having firey breath. It is because of the dragon’s ability to promote havoc that gives the story an interesting outcome. â€Å"Now do be careful! † whispered the hobbit, â€Å"and as quiet as you can be! There may be no Smaug at the bottom, but then again, there may be† (Tolkien 215) â€Å"Suddenly Bilbo’s arm went towards it drawn by its enchantment. His small hand would not close about it, for it was a large and heavy gem; but he lifted it, shut his eyes and put it in his deepest pocket. (Tolkien 217) â€Å"Hear, hear! † cried Bilbo, and flung himself on the ground. In the rock-chamber there would have been room for a hundred and there was a small chamber in the back. There they laid out all of their burdens. †(Tolkien 224) I like this quote because it emphasizes Bilbo’s resourcefulness. He thinks through ever y possible consequence before he acts. This is a very useful trait to have, especially for someone that is on an adventure where one silly mistake can prove fatal. Acting so vigilantly will later prove fruitful for Bilbo. This is a substantial quote in a rather small chapter. Here we are introduced to the turning point of the story – the Arkenstone. This is just one of the few treasures Bilbo retrieves. The arkenstone is one of the main reasons Thorin set out to reclaim what was once his ancestors’. This quote also foreshadows Bilbo’s future resourcefulness. After reading the rest of the story, I noticed that the men start to reclaim what is theirs. It almost acts as a foreshadowing tool. The men, especially Thorin, know what’s rightfully theirs and how it has been taken from them. It will only be a matter of time before they find out if they can hold on to their newly conquered area. â€Å"The King beneath the Mountain! They shouted. His wealth is like the Sun, his silver like a fountain, his rivers golden run! The river is running gold from the Mountain! they cried, and everywhere windows were opening and feet were hurrying† (Tolkien 226) â€Å"Already men were jumping into the water on every side. Women and children were being huddled into laden boats in the market-pool. † (Tolkien 228) â€Å"Arrow! Said the bowman. â€Å"Black arrow! I have saved you for last. You have never failed me and always I have recovered you. I had you from my father and he from of old. If ever you came from the forges of the true king under the Mountain, go now and speed well! (Tolkien 229) I interpreted this quote as a great example of dramatic irony. The townspeople, who think the golden colored river in the distance is amassed wealth, are horribly wrong. The gold is in fact, a raging dragon ready to destroy everything in its sight. Everyone starts to cry cheers of joy, when they should be crying tears of sadness. From this quote, I perceived a very strong mental image. The quote shows the true wrath of the Smaug. At the time The Hobbit was written, 1930, women and children were put first in the event of a disaster. For example, in the movie Titanic, one could see how women and children were loaded onto life boats before men. Here in this quote, if men were the first ones to give up and jump into the water, no one had a chance at survival by far. There would be no one to help others get on their way to safety. This quote stresses the theme of tradition throughout the story. Because the arrow was handed down from generations of old, it had a much higher importance. The archer believed the arrow had more â€Å"experience† seeing more time in battle situations. It is also interesting to read about how much faith was invested into his last shot. This excerpt also sparks my curiosity as to how the archer talks to the lifeless arrow like an old friend. â€Å"Now we will return to Bilbo and the dwarves. All night one of them had watched, but when morning came they had not heard or seen any sign of danger. But ever more thickly the birds were gathering. Their companies came flying from the South; and the crows that still lives about the Mountain were wheeling and crying unceasingly above. † (Tolkien 234) â€Å"Hail Thorin! Why do you fence yourself like a robber in his hold? We are not yet foes, and we rejoice that you are alive beyond our hope. We came expecting to find non living here; yet now that we are met there is matter for a parley and a council. † (Tolkien 240) â€Å"The whole place still stinks of dragon,† he grumbled to himself, and it makes me sick. And cram is beginning simply to stick in my throat. † (Tolkien 243) I picked this quote to explain how the foreshadowing of Thorin reclaiming his ancestor’s mountain cabin wraps up. The dwarves are hiding out in the mountain, and now they will have to hold off against whoever feels obligated to collect the dragon’s treasures. As the narrator switches points of views, he pictures birds thickly gathering. When you see something abnormal occur in nature, you get a feeling something bad is about to happen. This picture Tolkien painted compelled me to keep on reading. Expecting the dwarves to be dead, the humans and their allies have come to claim the dragons’ treasures. The humans mean no harm to the dwarves, and once they find them there they suggest they should split the riches. Thorin, feeling all of it is his become very defensive and abruptly declines. This is the first time in the novel I found Thorin to be so bold in his actions. Considering they greet him with an overly-polite â€Å"Hail Thorin! †, I think he should have gave them a small share for slaying the dragon. Although I am not in the situation personally, I couldn’t say what I would suggest. After finally reaching what his whole journey was driven off of, he would need time to make a decision. I find quote humorous and ironic. Thus because Thorin wanted to remain close to his newly acquired treasures, and now he has to being that the mountain is besieged. Now, Thorin has had enough of the mountain when the fun just started. â€Å"Now the days passed slowly and wearily. Many of the dwarves spent their time piling and ordering the treasure; and now Thorin spike of the Arkenstone of Thrain, and bade them eagerly to look for it in every corner. † (Tolkien 244) â€Å"I am tired of stairs and stone passages. I would give a good deal for the feel of grass at my toes. I would give a good deal for the feel of strong drink in my throat, and for a soft bed after a good supper! † (Tolkien 246) â€Å"All in good time! † said Gandalf. â€Å"Things are drawing towards the end now, unless I am mistaken. There is an unpleasant time just in front of you; but keep your heart up! You may come through all right. There us news brewing that not even ravens have heard. Good night! † (Tolkien 249) This is one of my most favorite examples of dramatic irony I came across in the novel. Thorin is searching for the Arkenstone restlessly. What he doesn’t know is that Bilbo swiftly retrieved it on one of his first adventures into the mountain. At one point Bilbo gets worried after Thorin says he would put his life on the stone to get it back. Bilbo doesn’t want a conflict to erupt between the three races. The dramatic irony throughout this novel up to this point made it much more fun to read. Eventually Bilbo is tired of sticking it out in the mountain. He longs for him humble life so he takes matters into his own hands. Offering the Arkenstone, something so valuable to his expedition, to avoid conflict is something that was just in his nature. An action like this was very brave for him, but he knew what he needed to do. In this quote, Gandalf is congratulating Bilbo on a job well done, yet not to become complacent because it is not all over yet. I think that it is essential Gandalf appreciated Bilbo’s actions of bravery and how he carries out what he believes in with such finesse. Bilbo gets excited because of Gandalf’s compliments, and I felt happy for him. â€Å"By the beard of Durin! I wish I had Gandalf here! Curse him for his choice of you! May his beard wither! As for you I will throw you to the rocks! He cried and lifted Bilbo into his arms. Stay! Your wish is granted! † said a voice. The old man with the casket threw aside his hood and cloak. â€Å"Here is Gandalf! And none too soon it seems. If you don’t like my Burglar, please don’t damage him. Put him down, and listen first to what he has to say! † (Tolkien 250-251) â€Å"The Goblins are upon you ! Bolg of the North is coming, O Dain! Whose father you slew in Moria. Behold! The bats are above his army like a sea of locusts. † (Tolkien 255) â€Å"It was a terrible battle. The most dreadful of all Bilbo’s experiences, and the one which at the time he hated most. † (Tolkien 257) This quote that I picked only further emphasizes the fact that Gandalf’s and Bilbo’s views correspond with each other. Nothing bad can really result from a duo with supernatural powers and great resourcefulness. I also appreciate how Gandalf cuts Thorin down to size. I believe that the riches he sits upon got to his head and now he somewhat corrupt. In this part of the book, we are introduced to a new character, â€Å"Bolg of the North†. According to the book, Bolg is the son of Azog. This is very interesting because earlier in the book we learned Azog was the goblin who killed Thorin’s grandfather, Thror. This reminds me of the short story we read earlier in the year, The Interlopers, and how the hostility remained between the generations of family. This explanation of the battle given on the account of Bilbo really made me realize the degree of severity in which it occurred. If this was worse than Bilbo’s experience of being chased up a tree by wolves and then having it slowly burnt down with him stuck up there, then this battle must have been pretty bad. I would have to say it was by far Bilbo’s nightmare occurring in reality. â€Å"When Bilbo came to himself, he was literally by himself† (Tolkien 261) There indeed lay Thorin Oakenshield, wounded with many wounds, and his rent armour and notched ace were cast upon the floor. He looked up as Bilbo came beside him. â€Å"Farewell, good theif,† he said. I go now to the halls of waiting to sit beside my fathers, until the world is renewed. Since I leave now all gold and silver, and go where it is of little wo rth, I wish to part in friendship with you, and I would take back my words and deeds at the Gate. † (Tolkien 262) â€Å"So comes snow after fire, and even dragons have their ending! † said Bilbo, and he turned his back on his adventure. The Tookish part was getting very tired, and the Baggins was daily getting stronger. â€Å"I wish now only to be in my own armchair! † he said† (Tolkien 268) This statement, which opens up the 18th chapter, highlights the life of solitude Bilbo longed for the whole time he was away from his ascetic life. Tolkien shows how he was forced to cope by himself with no one there for him as they were either dead or in hiding. I felt a lot of sympathy here for Bilbo because he was always there to lend a hand to everyone else but in this instance, no one was there for him. Thrown in a much different situation, Thorin acts completely different towards Bilbo. Even though I disliked Thorin a lot since the beginning of the book, I looked at his character with a lot more respect after he parted by making amends with everyone – especially Bilbo. Bilbo definitely deserved an apology and I revere Thorin for delivering it. I noticed that as time went on in the book, Bilbo kept longing for his hobbit hole. Since his Tookish blood that has longed for adventure is now satisfied, he needs time to recover from everything he has seen and experienced. Now fueled and fired by the drive to get home, nothing is going to stop Bilbo. He is now a much stronger, wiser, and keen hobbit. â€Å"The dragon is withered, his bones are now crumbled; His armour is shivered, His splendor is humbled! Though sword shall be rusted, And throne and crown perish With strength that men trusted And wealth that they cherish, Here grass is still growing, And leaves are yet swinging, The white water flowing, And elves are yet singing Come! Tra-la-la-lally! Come back to the valley! † (Tolkien 269) â€Å"Bless Me! What’s going on? He cried. There was a great commotion and people of all sorts, respectable and unrespectable, were thick round the door, and many were going in and out – not even wiping their feet on the mat, as Bilbo noticed with annoyance. † (Tolkien 274) â€Å"Thank goodness! † said Bilbo laughing, and handed him the tobacco-jar. † (Tolkien 276) This excerpt, the elves being the speakers behind it, recite these lines in song. This quote shows how the slaying of the dragon and triumph over the goblins and Wargs not only positively affected Bilbo and the dwarves, but life in all of the lands. Because of their brave actions, everyone can now live much more peacefully. In this quote, Bilbo finally returns home. He’s been ‘round the world and back – literally – only to find his belongings are being auctioned off to strangers. If I was in Bilbo’s situation I would have probably gone berserk and thrown everyone out, one by one. I couldn’t even have imagined such a thing happening to Bilbo. If there was one thing I can see Bilbo caring about is his good ‘ol pipe and tobacco. These two items are the perfect combination to calm down and relax such a humble hobbit like Bilbo. I happy that at least his pride wasn’t stripped from him at his homecoming. Bilbo has returned at last.

courts as legislators essays

courts as legislators essays The purpose of this paper is to show that although not originally intended to, some our modern day courts in the United States have in essence become legislators. I will give a brief overview of the history of courts and site some cases where the decisions handed down or the opinions of the court have set precedent in the way the law is understood and enforced. As long as man has been on this earth there have been conflicts or disputes that needed to be resolved by a third party. By definition, a court is a.) a place where legal justice is administered b.) a judicial tribunal duly constituted for the hearing and determination of cases. The recognized existence of even primitive courts implies a relatively high degree of social organization and the need for systematic resolution of disputes based on established customs and rules of conduct. Courts have been set up to hear disputes between two or more parties. In medieval European history a Curiae was a court, or group of persons, who attended to a ruler at any given time for disputes of social, political or judicial purposes were resolved. It's composition and functions varied considerably from time to time and from country to country during a period when executive, legislative and judicial functions were not as distinct as they were later to become. The ruler and the curia made al l policy and decisions either great or small and if the ruler was a powerful one, were as active as a modern day court of law. The curia of England underwent an evolution from the medieval curiae. It was known as Curia Regis, which was introduced at the time of the Norman Conquest (1066) and lasted until the end of the 13th century. The Curia Regis was the start that the higher courts of law, the Privy Council and the Cabinet, evolved from. About the same time, the Curia undertook financial duties. The members were called "justices" and in the king's absence presided over the court. In 1178,...

Changed for the Better

I watched my mom hobble down the driveway like a drunken zombie, nervously grasping onto my dad’s arms as he assisted her into the car to take her to the hospital. Her legs just simply stopped working. I wondered, â€Å"What’s wrong with mommy? Will she come home again?† The last two times my mom went to the hospital, she came home with a new baby brother. But this time, she would have to stay at the hospital for six days to get her treatment. That week felt like a year. I just wanted my mommy home. Watching someone who had been so strong for me, now look so weak was confusing. In 2001, my mom was shockingly diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis, MS. After four years of back and forths to the local hospital for week at a time, my mom found a treatment that helps her be the best she can be. A once a month trip to the hospital for a few hours, eliminated most of the pains and gets her back on her feet. Literally. All those years of heartache taught my mom that the little stuff isn’t important. She became a happier person because she was conquering this disease and better yet helping people conquer that disease. My mom was honored the role of being the MS ambassador for New Jersey in 2012, giving her opportunity to shoot a commercial for the Multiple Sclerosis walk, do a radio commercial, and travel around the East Coast giving speeches to other MS patients about her triumphs. She goes into these speeches in high heels, showing women they can get better with time and treatment. Her message is that everyone’s path is going to be different with Multiple Sclerosis, so you need to find a doctor that fits you. People with MS gather to hear her story to try to find a way to help them. â€Å"Your speech has given me hope that one day I will be better.† My mom has become an inspiration to many victims of this disease. She has also inspired me to get involved with the organization and go be a counselor for a camp for children whose parents have MS. My mom could have sat and said why me and let the disease take over her life. But she didn’t. I look up to her and admire her every second of everyday because she taught me to be brave and fight for what I want. My family went through this disease together and I believe we were changed for the better because of it. Many would think my mom getting a disease would shatter our family. It did for a while but it also changed us for the better. Living with a disease taught my mom to enjoy the little things because what matters is that she’s healthy. My mom’s disease inspired me to never let something negative takeover my life. It has been eleven years since her diagnosis and she has adopted a role to educate and inspire others to fight and never give up.

Theory Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theory - Lab Report Example This is affected by electron intensity. If for example the intensity of the electrons is significantly high, there may be a lot of scattering which may produce a result which is far from what is expected. This is used to estimate the formation porosity and the formation density. Through the use of the litho-density the fluid type can also be established. The pore space of the oil and gas is also measured through the litho-density log. This refers to the amount of pores that are in a volume of a solid which is porous in nature. In this case, the value of the porosity is measured as a percentage. However, the true porosity includes the volume of the pores that are sealed. Clean formation is usually more than shales. As a result of this the bulk density will read less than the actual density. Therefore, the density porosity which is computed will be higher in terms of shales as compared to the actual porosity. The SP and GR log complement each other in the sense that Sp log uses electrical charge for the purpose of recording whereas the GR uses Gamma rays. Both of these measure different attributes which are existent in the well. These logs would not be advisable in situations where there is excessive radiation or electrical charge in the well. This is because these may cause fault in the equipment. They are, however, advocated in situations where the quantities of such attributes are average. The quality of caliper in this section will be low. This is because the porosity will take away a significant amount of materials from the region. The result of this is reduced quality of rock and

The Traditional Method of Making a Deed Research Paper

The Traditional Method of Making a Deed - Research Paper Example Basically, when one terminates an agreement to the detriment of another, promissory estoppel lies in hand as a defence to support the promise according to Smith. Under this rule, a claimant who incurs a detriment by doing an act, making a promise however small, provided that it has been agreed that she should do the act and receives something in return under a limited legal principle can be sued for promissory estoppel. In Combe v. Combe , the Court of Appeal held that the doctrine of promissory estoppel cannot be used to create a cause of action where a husband’s promise to pay alimony to the wife at  £100 p.a. does not give her the right to sue for that money even though she had relied on the promise. In a society where moral conventions allow a promisor to enter into a negotiation, a promisor is bound to his promise. The law, however, stresses that enforcing promises is a right when they are given in exchange for other promises or consideration. The main purpose of implan ting consideration is to discourage improper pressure and coercion and to distinguish the nature of the promise. It is also interesting to see how the doctrine of promissory estoppel brings the law of consideration into sharp relief. Although it is not overtly recognized by the English system, many of the reasons for requiring consideration do not apply to the situation of variation as in Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls. The basic position still considers, however, the doctrine of promissory estoppel varying from only one side of the contract.

Conflict and culture Essay Example for Free

Conflict and culture Essay Conflict is an integral part of human culture. When a number of people of interact with their own individual perspectives, view points, ideologies, cultural and social backgrounds and intellectual development then differences and debates are bound to arise as a logical and inevitable consequence of the interaction (Killian and Pammer Jr. 2003, 3). These differences, acted upon by incompatible interests of attaining personal goals, change into conflict within groups, societies and nations. (Rahim, 2001,1) The greater the diversity and richer the profile of a society, the greater is the scope and range of its embedded conflict. Therefore it is essential to educate people on understanding and handling conflict and treat as an integral component of a democratic society that is important for developing a healthy social life (Killian and Pammer Jr. 2003, 3). In every conflict, whether it is individual or at social scale, culture has always an important role to play. Depending upon the actors involved and the context of conflict, the role of culture in conflict can be direct or subtle, but it is always present as the ultimate factor in deciding the scope of conflict, its direction or its outcome. Culture even decides the existence of conflict, for people who are embedded in the culture of seeing world as a harmonious entity, may not be aware of any conflict through their life. In all the major disputes, debates and disagreement taking place around world, differences in cultural identities and perceptions are fundamental causative factors. A further evidence of the role that culture plays is evinced by peace and harmony existing among societies that have same culture, such as observed between USA and Britain, sharing same historical and cultural roots. Every conflict, whether it is trans-generational, geographical, religious, organizational, or personal, has a cultural component involved. People enshrined in their own culture often react with hostility against any cultural identity that appears contrary to their thought process and ideas. It follows therefore that any effort of conflict resolution needs to incorporate cultural understanding and acknowledge the existence and necessity of diversity (ibid).

Aristotle on Nobility and Pleasure :: essays research papers

â€Å"The lovers of what is noble find pleasant the things that are by nature pleasant; and virtuous actions are such†¦ Their life, therefore, has no further need of pleasure as a sort of adventitious charm, but has pleasure in itself.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ethics, I.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aristotle was a student under Plato, and although he did not believe in the metaphysical Forms that Plato so firmly believed in, he did apply an element of the theory behind the Forms. Instead, what Aristotle postulated was that there was some ultimate, some final goal to which we all reach, but instead of being some unattainable goal, it was very simple: happiness. Happiness manifests itself in all of our actions, whether it’s a conscious process or not, but when we are truly happy is when we do things that are virtuous and honorable. And instead of being some latent part of another goal, Aristotle stated that happiness was the goal, that there was no higher form to achieve beyond. In chapter seven of Book One, Aristotle is almost vague as he tries and defines what happiness is, and more importantly, why happiness is crucial to the human function, and in fact states that â€Å"nor should we demand to know a casual explanation in all matters alike† (1098b). Comparing it to simple truths that are a priori, like when dealing with fundamental principles, he admits that it cannot be defined so easily nor so quickly. He then struggles, in chapter eight, to define happiness. It is, according to him, a kind of â€Å"good life and well-being;† virtue precludes action as well as thought. It is also synonymous with virtue: even though virtuous acts are, in general, â€Å"not pleasant by nature †¦ men who love what is noble derive pleasure from what is naturally pleasant† (1099a). Aristotle also makes a clear separation of happiness that is god-given – makarios – and a happiness that is produced through human effort and virtue, eudaimon. But it seems as if there is an inherent flaw in his outlook for those who are not blesses with makarios and lack the means (political connections, wealth, stature, et cetera) to carry out an action that would make someone happy. In chapter ten, he even goes so far as to ask if a man could truly be called happy in his lifetime, because â€Å"many changes and all kinds of contingencies will befall a man in the course of his life.

Types of Buckling

Types of Buckling Engineering is one discipline that is based on several different phenomenon and concepts. Each concept in engineering is as important as other and they all work together to give rise to some new techniques. One phenomenon that is extremely beneficial and widely used in engineering and science is buckling. Buckling is nothing but a phenomenon of mathematical instability, which leads to a special failure mode. When a system in equilibrium is subjected to additional load, it buckles down and gets deformed.This deformation is what is known as buckling. There are several different types of buckling that can take place in objects and those are described as below. Flexural buckling is a special form of buckling that takes place in a special compression member facing a deflection because of the bending of flexure. It occurs mostly in a straight column when the stable equilibrium gets distorted at the critical load. The buckling is shown to occur mainly at the axis and demon strates significantly small radius of gyration.There are different types of flexural buckling that can take place in objects and different equations can be employed for determining the load and the extent of buckling caused due to the same. Lateral buckling is also commonly observed in objects when the deflection goes out of the plane in which the object is functioning at a given time. Any load on the object that leads to the bending in it along the given strong axis, the object is shown to go out of plane and such buckling is known as lateral buckling.The critical value of the applied moment is shown to lead to cause several different out-of-plane displacements in the straight elastic beam. Torsional buckling is yet another type of buckling that commonly takes place in the plates. This particular buckling is very common in the members that are double-symmetric in nature and also simultaneously lead to the occurrence of extremely slender cross-sectional elements. This buckling never occurs in the rolled sections and takes place in the built-up sections.Torsional buckling is combined with flexural buckling to give rise to another type of buckling known as flexural-torsional buckling. This combined form of buckling is shown to take place mostly in the objects that exhibit unsymmetrical cross-section with only one single axis of symmetry. This special case takes place when there is a simultaneous bending and twisting of the object, thus leading to significant deflections.Buckling can take place in different types of objects, including plastic, pipes and pressure vessels. Engineers carry out different studies for determining the level of buckling and there are several equations and numerical models that help in defining and examining the buckling level so that appropriate measures can be taken to minimize destruction. Reference link: http://classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help

How Ponyboy Changes Throughht the Outsiders Essay

I hereby give my consent to have an athletic trainer, coach, team manager, emergency medical technician, nurse, medical treatment facility, and/or doctor of medicine or dentistry or associated personnel provide the applicant/participant with medical assistance and/or treatment and agree to be financially responsible for the cost of such assistance and/or treatment. I understand treatment for injury will be based on information provided herein. I hereby authorize emergency transportation of the applicant/participant to a medical treatment facility should an individual listed above consider it to be warranted. I recognize the possibility of physical injury associated with soccer, and hereby release, discharge, and otherwise indemnify the club, US Club Soccer, their sponsors, the USSF and its affiliated organizations, and the employees and associated personnel of these organizations, against any claim by or on behalf of the soccer player named above as a result of that player’s participation in US Club Soccer programs and/or being transported to or from the same, which transportation.

Behaviorism And Cognitive Psychology Essays

Behaviorism And Cognitive Psychology Essays Behaviorism And Cognitive Psychology Paper Behaviorism And Cognitive Psychology Paper Although learning is a part of education, it has consider both the same. 1. 3 Approaches to Educational Psychology Positivist school Scientific method Behaviorism Cognitive psychology 1. The Positivist School C] Psychologist starts to understand and predict humans behavior Instead of studying 0 They searched to find the principles of human learning by checking the behavior of animals, under exactly defined conditions. Logical Positivism 0 They accept only experimental data as evidence, so thought and feeling of human was something inaccessible, and there for were not investigated! 1. 4. 1 Behaviorism Russian Pavlov: 0 S-R (Stimulus-Response) theory or Classical Conditioning 0 It was considered that all human behavior could be explained in terms of the way in which simple S-R connections were built up. PROBLEM: It could not consider enormous range of human action. 1. 4. 2 B. F. Skinner 0 Founder of Modern Behaviorism 0 He constructed a system of principles to account for unman behavior in strictly observable terms. 0 Learning as a result of environment VS. Learning as genetic factor notion of operates emphasizing on reinforcement OPERANT CONDITIONING: an individual responds to a stimulus by behaving in a particular way. Skinner paid more attention to instruction in education and suggested: 0 Teachers should make clear what is to be taught 0 Tasks should be broken down into small, continues steps 0 Students should be encouraged to work at their own pace by means of individualized learning programs 0 Learning should be programmed by connecting he above procedures + immediate positive reinforcement is seen as a behavior to be taught Language Learning a language acquiring a set of appropriate mechanical habits Teachers role developing learners good habits, by means of pattern drills and memorization 1. Cognitive Psychology Human Thoughts It concerns with the way in which human mind thinks and learns Therefore it deals with mental process involved in learning and cognition Here learner is seen as an active participant in learning process Information theories, consider brain as a complex computer / I. . Artificial intelligence system;its models of memory and reading process Constructivism movement, Jean P igged, concerned with ways in which individuals come to make their own sense of the world. . 5. 1 Information Process At the very heart of cognitive psychology is the idea of information processing concerned with: The way in which people take in information Process information Act upon information O BASIC ASSUMPTIONS 1 . Attention: Is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things 2. Perception: Is the organization of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. Sakes many different forms, e. G. Images, sounds or meaning. Construct models or scripts to try to account for the way in which the human mind works 1. 5. 2 Memory 0 Atkinson Shuffling (1968) describes the memory process in terms of sensory register where stimuli are initially recorded for a brief amount of time before being passed into short-term memory if attention is given to them. 0 3 terms for memory: Short-term memory Working memory Long-term memory 1. 5. Constructivism As perspective in education, is based on experiential learning through real life experience to construct and conditionality knowledge. 0 Pigged constructive nature of learning process: Individuals are actively involved right from birth in constructing personal meaning, that is their own personal understanding, from their experiences. The End The principle goal of education in the schools should be creating men and women who are capable of doing new things, not simply repeating what other generations have done Jean Pigged

Difference between Social Anxiety Disorder and Shyness Research Paper

Difference between Social Anxiety Disorder and Shyness - Research Paper Example This fear results in the inability of persons suffering from the condition to function normally in social situations. Social anxiety disorder is the most common mental condition around the world and it is estimated that at least twelve percent of the world’s population of children suffer from the condition which develops into their adulthood (Bandelow, Dan & Stein 2004). Social anxiety disorder is normally categorized into two; that is general and specific. The social anxiety disorder that is generalized is normally characterized by the intense fear of someone being humiliated or embarrassed by their actions and fear of being judged by those surrounding them. Specialized social anxiety disorder is where someone is chronically afraid of specific situations. Social anxiety disorder symptoms appear at an early stage in life. For instance, it is estimated that at least eighty percent of people suffering from the disease usually start experiencing symptoms by the time they attain t he age of 20 years (Bandelow, Dan & Stein, 2004). Symptoms associated with the social anxiety disorder are categories into three categories which are behavioral aspects, physiological aspects, and cognitive aspects. Cognitive symptoms of the disorder are where someone has the fear of how they will be presented to others. Symptoms include high self-attention during any social activity and being self-conscious. Most people who suffer from the disease also set performance standards that are too high for themselves. Behavioral aspects of the social anxiety disorder include fearing to be judged by others the society, feeling humiliated or embarrassed after saying something, being uncomfortable in meeting and interacting with people and being distant when with a large group of people among others. Physiological symptoms include shaking, sweating, difficulty in breathing, palpitations, and nausea especially when in crowds and meeting new people. Shyness is a feeling of awkwardness, lack of comfort and apprehension experienced by a person when in close contact with people especially new people. Shyness is considered a feeling or a personality trait and not a medical condition (Antony, 2010). There are various misconceptions that are associated with shyness. One such common attribution is that shy people normally have high intelligence. This is entirely wrong since research has proven that there is no relation to both negative and positive between shyness and intelligence. Shyness is most common in children and normally progresses into adulthood if it is not dealt with. In different cultures, shyness is perceived differently depending on the values imposed in the cultures. For example, in some cultures, shy people are often assumed to be weak while in other cultures shyness is usually associated with intelligence and thoughtfulness. There are various reasons why people experience shyness. Genetics greatly influence shyness where the traits are found among family member s or relatives. Shyness also results from a learned behavior where a person emulates the behavior of their role model which is common in adults (Antony, 2010). Family relationships also result in shyness, especially where children are not emotionally attached to their parents.  

Phonological aspect of English teaching and learning Research Proposal

Phonological aspect of English teaching and learning - Research Proposal Example In teaching process much depends on a teacher of foreign language and what English is taught and spoken by the teacher. Nowadays, interest rises in the sphere of phonology and phonetics, as growing number of English speakers of outside the cycle and expanding cycle globally leads to modification of original English under the influence of globalization. It is necessary to analyze this issue on the Arabic learners of English language. (Abd-Elbasseer, Barakat, 2007) The matters of mother tongue influence and its avoiding while learning English of what and how to teach are one of the most discussed ones, both from the students’ and the teachers’ sides. English learning is a wide field of research, especially because of there are several variants of English, and each is considered to be right by its speakers. English teaching methodology has proved the fact of mother tongue influence on English learning statement. (Kavaliauskiene, G., 2009). Mother tongue influences foreign language as the learner tends to compare what to teach to the mother tongue, and all the information received is analyzed and digested from the point of view of differences between these two languages. When pronouncing the sounds of English, vowels and consonants of the mother tongue make the basis for the sounds studied which is incorrect and needs remediation in the process of studying. (Kavaliauskiene, 2009).

Code of Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Code of Ethics - Research Paper Example This paper’s focal point is to create an appropriate code of ethics that would be perfectly suited for any business. All the staff, board members, and volunteer members that work within an organization must encompass virtues that illustrate integrity in their personal and professional relations. Honesty and transparency are the most important virtues in this regard. The focal point of existence for an organization needs consideration. For instance, in an online banking organization, this could be to ensure that clients receive banking service provision of the highest quality from the comfort of their homes. The organization’s code should be well within & aims to fulfill all the requirements sets within the State’s /Country’s Constitution. It ought to regard of the necessary laws and regulations (Bailey, 2011). Information concerning financial and social dealing of an organization should be provided to the media, public, and all stakeholders in an efficient and timely procedure. Any variations in management or strategies are to be provided to the parties stated with immediate effect (McCloskey, 2006). An organization should be conscious to ensure that there is no discrimination in the processes of hiring, firing, retention, and promotion. All the staff, volunteers, clients, as well as board members of the organization ought to be accorded, given equal opportunity. While in the process of solicitation, an organization must maintain truthfulness when relating with its donors. The organization must respect all the concerns of donors, with regard to privacy, and only expect funds that are in direct inclination with intents of the donor. The statement of values regarded above is based solely on humanity. Formulation of the principles occurs after incorporation of the process of social imagination. This is whereby one

Corporate Collapse - The demise of Enron Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate Collapse - The demise of Enron - Essay Example The duration of the project that was expected by the company was 10 years and the company expected that it will generate huge amount of profit from this project. But the reality is opposite to what Enron forecasted and it had to bear huge loss in terms of finance and social image (Ahmed, 2012). The project was considered as the largest direct foreign investment project in India’s history but it became debacle for Enron because many countries criticized Enron for its poor performance and fake promises (Bettauer, 2009). Enron’s liquefied natural gas power plant development project stated in 1992 in Maharashtra state of India. It was supposed to fulfill India’s energy need with more than 2000 megawatts of electricity (Ahmed, 2012). But due to various issues like dispute over prices between India’s government and Enron and criticism of Indians on this project turned the venture into an example of what can go wrong when two different cultures collide in a large scale development project (Bajaj, 2010). The project became debacle for Enron because it produced no electricity and in 2001 the company got bankrupted. Enron Corporation in 1992 proclaimed that it would develop a natural gas power plant worth of $3 billion in Dabhol western state of Maharashtra, India. The project was expected to be the poster child of India’s economic liberalization but unfortunately it became the symbol of project failure and people consider it as a human rights nightmare and an economic failure. The project was subject of criticism from the beginning. The company worked hand in hand with dishonest Indian bureaucrats and politicians in order to complete the project but Indian public interest group filed charges against Enron and in 1993 Indian Reliance Company bribed Indian petroleum minister to secure the contract (Leuz, & Schrand, 2009). Due to this bribery

Lower Back Pain in the Elderly in Institutionalised Centres

Lower Back Pain in the Elderly in Institutionalised Centres DISCUSSION INTRODUCTION In this section, the result findings will be discussed. The aims of this study was to determine the prevalence of LBP among the institutionalized centers in Malaysia, to compare the muscle changes in term of muscle control, flexibility and strength between two groups of elderly; LBP group and non-LBP group, and to determine the functional status of the elderly in institutionalized centers. The discussion will be focused on the finding of comparison for muscle changes between both groups and also the functional status of elderly in institutionalized centers. According to Malaysian Department of Statistics, the population of Malaysian will be increased by 2020. The annual growth rate of the elderly increased from 3.1% in 1980-1990’s periods to 4.0% in period between years 2000-2010. The leading factor for this life expectancy improvement was low fertility and mortality. By the year of 2020, Malaysia would qualify to be an aging population where the population of elderly reached nearly 7% and 5 years later will be increased over 9% (Tengku Aizan et al., 2006). Recent studies on global prevalence of LBP was found that with the highest prevalence among those aged 40-80 years and among female individuals, LBP became the major problem throughout the world (Hoy et al., 2012). People with LBP has been found to had changes in automatic control of TrA (Jacobs, Hammerman-rozenberg, Cohen, Stessman, 2006), reduced trunk muscle strength (Bel et al., 2010), and spinal stiffness (Freddolini, Strike, Lee, 2014). However, none of the study done in Malaysia concentrates on elderly aged 60 and above especially elderly in institutionalized centers. Therefore, our understanding of the muscles changes happened between LBP elderly population and healthy population especially in Asian country is critically ill. PREVALENCE OF LOW BACK PAIN There has been undefined conclusion for the epidemiology for back pain especially in elderly. The present study found similar findings with other Hirsch, (1959) that the prevalence of LBP peak in the middle and declined after 60 years old. In this study, the prevalence for elderly who had LBP was 62.6% of total sample. Traditionally, it stated that back pain is common in early adulthood, peaks in middle age and declines in beyond than 60 years (Papageorgiou et al., 1995; Hirsch, 1959). Others stated that there may be because of degenerative spine and brain that caused reduces levels of back pain. Elderly also had tendency to have an age-related decline in pain sensitivity. In contrast, study done by Adams et al., proclaimed that ageing is not closely related with back pain (Wiesel, 2013). However, based on personal opinion by Dr. Richard, he agrees with study by Papageorgiou et al., (1995). In this study, the results presented that the prevalence of LBP was higher in elderly with age range from 60-69 years old than more than 70 years old. The prevalence of pain is gradually decrease with age as in this study the number of subjects was limited for age more than 80 years. A study found that symptoms of back pain began in the late twenties, highest between the ages of thirty to fifty years and then the decline or remain stable with age (Wiesel, 2013). However, when the researchers looked at the prevalence of severe back pain, it was highest among seniors, increasing from 5.4% in those aged 40 years or less to 10% in persons over 80 years of age (MacFarlane et al., 2012). MUSCLE CHANGES BETWEEN LBP AND NON-LBP GROUPS The main results showed that there is no significant difference in term of muscle changes between LBP and non-LBP elderly except for muscle control and muscle flexibility for left side flexion. Although many studies had been done on trunk muscle strength for patients with LBP, there is no reliable opinion concluded (Ikeda et al., 1994; Goto, 2001; Sakamoto et al., 1991; Ito et al., 2001; Ota, 2011; Murakami et al., 2011). Contrary to the previous study, the present study found similar finding of trunk muscle strength between both group LBP and non-LBP. Interestingly, study done by Lee et al, (1999) showed that there was a difference in trunk muscle strength where extensor muscle strength is lower than flexor muscle strength. Besides, other study done by Demoulin et al., (2007) also showed positive finding where LBP and muscle changes (fatigue) that lead to muscle weakness are correlated and was supported with study by Fryer et al., (2004) where decreased trunk muscle strength and mus cle activity were associated with LBP. The result from this study is differ from other previous studies because of this result was affected by aging factor. Most of the previous study were done among the young and middle age population (Keller et al., 2004; Klein, Snyder-Mackler, Roy, DeLuca, 1991; Taechasubamorn, Nopkesorn, Pannarunothai, 2010; Yasuda, Minami, Daikuya, 2013) and there is very limited for studies done among geriatrics population. Study by Ferreira et al., (2004) demonstrated evidence for changes in automatic control of TrA in individual with LBP where individual with LBP had reduced abdominal muscles recruitment and TrA muscle activity (P. H. Ferreira, Ferreira, Hodges, 2004; Hodges, 1996) . Their study supported this study, as the result in this study for muscle control showed significant difference between both groups. Thus, it showed that LBP group had lower muscle control than non-LBP group. It can be one of causes that will lead to LBP as Cholewicki, (1996) and Panjabi, (1992) had expressed in their studies that possible causes of some low back pain disorders and chronic back pain are motor control errors and muscular dysfunction (Cholewicki, Panjabi, Khachatryan, 1997). The PBU was used in this study as it showed high reliability with Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC2,1) of 0.74 (95% CI 0.54 to 0.85) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.86) (Olavo et al., 2012). It provides strong support that proved the result of this study. Another study was done to measure the precision muscle control in healthy and low back pain patients using a spiral-tracking task and trunk muscle electromyography and was found that tracking errors were higher in the LBP patients and increased with trunk inclination compared to healthy controls (Willigenburg, Kingma, Hoozemans, Dieà «n, 2013). Thus, the results from this study can be additional evidence that showed the difference of trunk muscle control between LBP and non-LBP individuals. Interestingly, a research on postural activity of abdominal muscles was differ between body position and these showed various contribution of abdominal muscle regions to stability of the trunk (Urquhart, Hodges, Story, 2005). The result for trunk muscle flexibility in this study showed similar results except for trunk left side flexion where it showed significant difference (p FUNCTIONAL STATUS AMONG ELDERLY IN INSTITUTIONALIZED CENTERS Age-related diminished physical fitness has showed contribution to the development of sarcopenia, frailty and reduced functional status (Garatachea Lucia, 2013). The gait speed test using 10 m walk test, upper limbs strength test using hand dynamometer, lower limb strength using 30 sec sit-to-stand test, and seat-reach test was used in the study field. These subjects were ranged from age of 60 and above. In the study sample, there is no significant difference of functional status between both groups LBP and non LBP except for gait speed test and right hand grip strength. According to Kubicki’s (2014) in his study stated that a study done by Fried et al., (2001) showed that a score for the gait speed test that under 0.65 m by second reveals a frailty status (Kubicki, 2014). LIMITATION OF STUDY The limitation of the current study was lack of probability sampling method as this study used convenient sampling method. It caused the unequal distribution of both groups sample which may lead to non-significant results at the end. The size, convenience, and homogeneity of the sample limit the generalizability of this study. Another limitation was that the measurement was done by different researches which have caused some error during the measurement due to different level of skills. Due to the lack of training for the tools from the experts and inexperience researches, limited tools and modified position, the study was under-powered, and thus, did not reach statistically significance. Other than that, the duration for data collection was too short with lead to reduced man-power. Subject’s consents also became one of the limitations in this study. Research that involves human being was challenging as dealing with unstable emotion especially elderly. A lot of subjects were refused to participate in this research because of depression and unstable emotion. In addition, previous research done among the institutionalized centers in Malaysia was very limited which lead to limitation of evidence to support this research. Most of the study done was among the healthy and young population, and elderly without back pain in community dwelling. Very limited source was present in the time being that study on the comparison between elderly in community setting and institutionalized setting especially in Malaysia. On the other hand, to compare more precise the differences between LBP and healthy subjects, more complex methods using higher order kinematics should be done to assess spinal biomechanical function. This has been attempted by few researches and the conclude that to achieve better evaluation and discrimination, more complex tasks such complex motion parameters were needed (Mieritz et al., 2014). Even though the normality was not normally distributed and the results was insignificant when comparing both groups, however this is first evidence of comparison on muscle changes among elderly with LBP and non-LBP among our local institutionalized center. The results should serve as a basis for future studies with larger population and normal distribution to investigate further this matter. Thus, further investigation and research need to be done among the Malaysian population especially in elderly setting and institutionalized setting. These will help in future research development and better management for the elderly population as the elderly population has been increased dramatically. CONCLUSION The main findings of this study show higher prevalence of low back pain among the elderly in institutionalized centers. Muscle changes generally happened in elderly as the aging process takes place. There is no significant difference when comparing both groups except for muscle control and left side trunk flexion. Only gait speed showed difference between both groups where LBP individuals had slower gait speed compared to non-LBP individual. Therefore, for planning of intervention for LBP elderly, they should consider gait speed as their one of outcome measure.

European Animals The Major Part They Took In Forever Altering the Ecology of the Americas :: essays papers

European Animals The Major Part They Took In Forever Altering the Ecology of the Americas Although the Europeans presence in the Americas from 1492 to many years later caused drastic change in the environment, their part in forever altering the entire American ecosystem was minor when compared to the part of the true criminals: the European animals. The introduction of these European animals into the New World had the most destructive effects on the new environment and everlastingly altered the ecology of the Americas. During the time that pre-dated the arrival of the Europeans, the Americas remained basically untouched and prevailed as virgin land. The land was populated with not just American Indians, but also populated by vast numbers of plants and animals. These inhabitants "lived, died, and bred alone for generation after generation, developing unique cultures and working out tolerances," that is up until 1492, when Columbus and the European conquerors invaded the harmonious land and instantaneously initiated the many long years of corruption. The arrival of the Europeans immediately brought drastic changes to the way things were previously done in the Americas; they "immediately set about to transform as much of the new world as possible into the old world." Because they were people who practiced mixed farming with a heavy emphasis on herding and because they saw only very few domesticated animals in the new land, the Europeans began the action of importing Old World domesticated animals, such as the pig, cow, and horse. This action could most definitely be described as "the greatest biological revolution in the Americas since the end of the Pleistocene era." The Europeans had no idea as to what they unleashed upon the New World when they introduced their domesticated animals. Many of these animals flourished in the new environment beyond the wildest hopes of their European masters. The animals and their diseases "moved through the virgin lands of America faster than did the people who had brought them to the New World." By surpassing their masters, the animals became unstoppable, and their destruction was unfortunately boundless. Pigs, for example, existed as one among the many animal groups that played such a significant role in the changes that wrought the ecology of the New World. Out of all of the imported animals, the pigs adapted quickest to the new environment.

Police Dogs

Police Dogs Breah Ratlif Animal Science AY105-02 12-12:50 Cute, fun, loving, cuddly, outgoing; these are only a few words to describe the animals that we have come to know and love as a part of our families. Dogs have been man’s best friend for hundreds of years and were the first animal to be domesticated because they are great as companions, highly intelligent, and were found to be very useful in human’s everyday lives. Even though they made excellent house pets they were highly successful at working side by side humans as well.They are not limited to being just best friends, but they have been found to be protectors and saviors as well, to their owners, others people and even other dogs too. One type of working dogs in particular that needs to be recognized for their tremendous efforts, and hard work is none other than police dogs. There are many dogs that will help humans in time of need. For example there are guide dogs, search-and-rescue dogs, and bomb-or-drug- sn iffing dogs just to name a few. They really dedicate themselves to the jobs that they live to do.But few dogs are asked to go above and beyond to lay their lives on the line to protect and serve as much as police dogs. These dogs are trained to do specific things. The basic description of what police dogs do is to guard their handler, and assist him in numerous tasks, such as finding, intimidating, and holding suspects, or investigate the scene of a crime. Some can even be trained specially for detection work. It is interesting how on one hand they are a loving member of a family, then when it is time to do some police work they can take down and attack humans so easily.In order to lead this type of life style this dog has to have some very important traits that other dogs may not have. They must come from intelligent, strong, dedicated, and aggressive but obedient lines of dogs, and while even the trait to be too aggressive is not very desired the strongest traits that police dogs must have are self-control and obedience. Police dogs are usually members of the working dog breeds. The dogs today come from a long line of purebred working dogs that were bred because of their high intelligence and strength.There are other breeds that have traits that could greatly contribute to police work as well such as hunting dogs or herding dogs because of skills like hunting and tracking for instance. There are several dogs that qualify for police work and are known for their bravery and drive. The German Shepard is the most common and most popular dog for police work. Lab Retrievers, Belgian Malinois, Doberman Pinschers, Akitas, Terriers, Boxers, Spaniels, Bloodhounds, the Bouvier de Flandres, Rottweiler’s, Collies and Dutch Shepherds have been known to also be used for different types of police work.K-9 police work is more than just brute strength and skin prickling growling. Tracking down or smelling for drugs, weapons, evidence, cash, bodies, criminals; holding o n to criminals; and even protection work are all a part basic everyday life. Just the presence of a having a police dog by the officers side can prevent physical harm from being inflicted upon the police officer by the suspect/criminal, ultimately leading to lesser chances of the officer getting harmed in any way.Police dogs today are not bred or employed to be vicious animals towards people in any sense; in all actuality most are trained or supposed to be trained to enjoy their work as hard as that may seem. What happens is it all starts off as fun and games. Chasing and grabbing is introduced to them as games when they are young pups to get them use to it. They usually play these types of games only when the handler or in other words a police officer, gives the right command for them to do so.The goal of the games is not for the dog to actually â€Å"bite† its opponent but more to merely hold on to it for as long as possible till the officer it works with gives the dog the command to let go. This tactic is mostly to insure that the suspect/criminal does not get away until the officer can catch up and take care of him/her their self. This grab is strong and hard. There is always a large possibility that the suspect/criminal can/will be bitten if they attempt to fight off the dog but when thinking about it even the dog â€Å"gripping† onto the suspect will inflict a bite.They would not be able to hold the suspect as well if they did not apply pressure into their grip. Before any dog has to be turned loose, they try to intimidate the person first by giving them a warning that if they start to run, the dog will be released and will chase after them. A barking tactic is also used to scare the person into not running away. Even in a case where the officer and dog seem to have the upper hand, there are many situations where the tables can be completely turned. Both the officer and the dog are trained to work together as a team.They must be able to ful ly trust and understand one another especially when they are placed in extremely dangerous and stressful situations. It is the responsibility of the officer the dog is being handled by to only use the dog when the situation absolutely calls for it. Any other way would be very inappropriate and would be a terrible miss use of the animal. Not being responsible could also put the dog in more of harm’s way which can take a definite turn for the worst. Going into depth of the most popular and common of the police dogs the â€Å"the German shepherd only came into being a little over 100 years ago.A German shepherd enthusiast, fascinated with the intelligence, strength and agility of the country’s native sheep dogs, established the breed, which spread throughout the world when Allied soldiers saw how the Germans used them as messenger, tracker and guard dogs during World War 1. After the war, the name German Shepherd Dog (Deutsher Shaferhund) was dropped in favor of the Alsa tian Wolf Dog (After the Alsace-Lorraine German/French border region), as it was thought that the word â€Å"German† would make the breed unpopular, and Alsatian continued to be used for the breed until the 1970s. Your Best Friend: The Dog, pg. 50. The other types of working dogs that are used a lot more than the rest of the working breeds in police work are the Belgin Malinois (very similar to the German shepherd), the Doberman, Boxer and Rottweiler. One main reason they are under the German shepherd or Belgin Malinois could be because of factors such as tolerance for instance. That can be directed towards weather and other such factors. Based off of observation with their fur coats being shorter they do not do as well in colder climates or seasons and police duties are year round.Still the loyalty, obedience, and ability to react quickly in certain situations, make the Doberman a great breed for police dog training. The brute strength of a Rottweiler, along with their intel ligence and protective nature, makes them popular to some and in case there are no German shepherds around Rottweiler’s are great substitutes for getting the job done. The same goes for the boxer with it being fearless, loyal and strong they are also respected to be a strong guard dog and used in police work.This topic was found to be interesting and unique because dogs are one of the few animals people can really rely on to be there no matter what. Humans can rely on dogs to be more than great companions and friends. They have traits of loyalty, fearlessness, loving, strong, dedicated, and intelligent. The list could go on but more than any pet they will stick by your side till the very end. Dogs were also found to be great at being put to work. Their senses are far better than humans. They have Excellent hearing and smelling. According to facts. randomhistory. om a dog can locate the source of a sound in 1/600 of a second and can hear sounds four times farther away than a h uman can. Also Touch is the first sense the dog develops. The entire body, including the paws, is covered with touch-sensitive nerve endings. Dogs have a wet nose to collect more of the tiny droplets of smelling chemicals in the air. When it comes to their smelling abilities a dogs sense of smell is 50 times for sensitive than a humans. Some dogs can smell dead bodies under water, where termites are hiding, and natural gas buried under 40 feet of dirt.They can even detect cancer that is too small to be detected by a doctor and can find lung cancer by sniffing a person’s breath. It does not hurt that dogs can be trained to do just about anything so this makes them perfect for doing work. A good example of something a police dog can be trained to do is known as â€Å"Aggressive alert† which the most common of the alerts it is taught to them. Aggressive alert is what the dogs do to show indication of an odor or substance that they are trained to detect by vigorously scrat ching and barking at a particular item. Another alert that is taught to police dogs is called â€Å"Passive alert†.The dog will sit when it smells the odor that it is trained to detect. Passive alert is common when it comes to explosive detection canines and narcotic detection canines. I feel that there are many pros and cons to having police dogs on the force. I personally like the fact that we have dogs involved in police work to a certain extent. Where some humans lack the stamina to run and catch up with a suspect that has decided to give an officer the chase, the police dog can make up for what he/she lacks. Dogs are great runners and if exercised properly they can almost run for miles.This makes them great at catching up with suspects to get a good grip on them and hold them until the officer can catch up and give the dog the command to let go. Also by using the dog it allows for the officers to refrain from using bullets if they are not exactly necessary, and unlike a gun, a dog almost never misses. This could lead to saving more lives whether innocent or not. I also think that the dogs really have been one of the best decisions that the police for could have made when it came to looking for better ways to do their job in multiple aspects.This is really in consideration to the dog’s senses being way more sensitive than that of a human. Since we are unable to smell certain things that are not very pungent or in close range to our noses our dogs can definitely smell what we cannot especially particular breeds of dogs that have a better sense of smell than others. There was one particular instance that I can personally say caught my attention. I had an open bag of cookies in my purse and there was a beagle puppy and a boxer puppy in front of me allowing me to pet them.Instantly the beagle puppy could smell the bag of cookies that I had in my purse sitting behind me before the boxer puppy could. It was so amazing to me to see how the dog react ed to the smell of the cookies. From previous knowledge of beagles I know that they are also working dogs and are great for smelling things and hunting things down. Police dogs are notorious for sniffing out drugs among other things. I remember being in high school and middle school and they would have days where they would bring police dogs in to smell the lockers of students to check for drugs.They always made sure students stayed in the class room for safety reasons I’m sure. They are also good for being used in airports where people are constantly coming and going from other states and countries so it is highly important to know what people have on them when boarding or getting off of a plane may catch things that the metal detectors, x-ray like machines and security guards may miss. Their highly sensitive noses can also be used to track down one specific person, leading to a faster take down of suspects as well as finding those who are in need.Some cons of police dogs ar e the actual harm they can cause a person while trying to catch and hold them while they wait for their trainer. They can inflict puncture wounds and if they grip the wrong part of the human body can lead to some pretty serious damage. There may also be case where the dog may attack the wrong person. Even though police dogs are extensively trained and are trusted partners police officers, they still possess canine instincts. A dog gets overexcited or becomes frightened may bite a handler, a suspect or a member of the public that is completely innocent.Police departments cannot make guarantees that these out of hand attacks will not happen, and it is possible for police agencies to be taken to court by the victims and forced to pay compensation for any damages caused by the out of control dog. Depending on how well the dog has been handled it does run the possibility to become aggressive. Another down fall is that police work can be beyond dangerous, and dogs are also susceptible to being injured or even killed while on duty. There have been cases where dogs have been killed by suspects that may have wielded knives and guns.Some people may view this as a disadvantage of using police dogs since the animal does not have a choice in terms of a career and emergency care is not all ways a call away for our canine companions especially at certain hours of the night. Mainly I do believe that having dogs doing police work does good than it does bad. There are more positives to adding dogs to the picture than negatives. Works Cited 1. â€Å"Police Dogs. †, German Shepherd Police Dog Breeds. Izoox, n. d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012. . 2. â€Å"The Dog† Your Best Friend. Pg 50. London: Carlton, 2010.Print. 3. Luca, Catherine Marien-Le. â€Å"Types of Working Dogs. † Types of Working Dogs. The Canine Information Library 2003-2010, n. d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012. . 4. â€Å"SITE NAVIGATION. † History Of Police Service Dogs. N. p. , n. d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012. . 5. à ¢â‚¬Å"WHY EMPLOY A POLICE DOG ? † Police Dogs. N. p. , n. d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012. http://www. worldwidecanine. com/PoliceDogs. htm 6. â€Å"99 Fun Facts About . . . † 99 Fun Facts about Dogs. N. p. , 15 Feb. 2009. Web. 05 Oct. 2012.

Return on Investment MBA Education Funding Essay

As change happens, we can take the fact that Masters of Business Administration degree is still a constant to embrace. In between the complex setting, a modern manager must still do what managers in every past era had to do in order to become successful. Recently, the once-lonely voices of demur have advanced into choruses of recrimination when the practical value of an MBA degree is in question. They say that MBA curricula are inaccessible with the real world desires, claiming that the degree is over-hyped and many programs have a culture which turns a blind eye to deceit. If businesses follow the naysayers’ advice, $100,000 tuition fee or the crucial decision to pay huge bucks to hire an MBA might start to look like less of a sound investment (CBS MoneyWatch, 2007). My decision to obtaining an MBA is not only personal, but also professional. The pursuit of an MBA degree is surrounded by many negative connotations. Questions arise regarding whether or not the pursuit will increase the Pay range of a person with an MBA versus a person without an MBA. Simmering and Wilcox identified 5 factors that largely affect the decision to pursue an MBA graduate degree. The five factors centre around the career exploration opportunities, personal prestige associated with the MBA, goals for improving and developing interpersonal skills, increasing career mobility and entrepreneurial aspirations. The Graduate Management Admission Council survey carried out by Simmering and Wilcox, discovered that that the MBA Class of 2012 had 69% into mid-level jobs, with 21% taking entry-level positions, 8% taking senior-level spots, and 1% taking the executive positions. This is considerably worse when compared to last year, where only 17 percent of the class went to entry- level spots, while 14 percent of the total went into senior-level jobs, and only 3 percent accounted the executive position (Lavelle,  2013).Housing market crash will impact on the value and positions or jobs that an individual with an MBA graduate degree will get. For instance, since 2007, the economy has played a huge part in not only downturn and fluctuations, but also landing jobs. In MBA class of 2011, the average full time salary for MBAs that were employed was $79806, a year over a year decrease of 5.4% or $4,533, not including the inflation (Brewer & Brewer, 2012). The Graduate Management Admission Council survey also calculated the return on investment and considered it ‘Stellar’. The alumni recouped a third of their B school investment within a year of graduation, 100% 4 years out, doubling the monetary value after 10 good years. On statistics, if a person obtains an MBA is not a full guarantee to getting an executive level spot after graduating. It is more of investing that has the highest probability of paying off over time. The survey as it pertains to the return on investment is simply looking at the B schools, which solely would imply the A schools return on investments is speedier and higher. Therefore, it might not be the actual degree rather the school that a person obtains his or her MBA degree which will impact on his or her potential income. For instance, I can refer to my cousin as a good example of the impact of obtaining an MBA. She studied at Princeton University for her master’s degree and after her graduat ion it took her 3 years to get employed. She found that because she was younger and the degree program which she chose, was actually intimidating to older managements. She also encountered remarks of her being â€Å"too qualified† for all jobs. It became so frustrating for her. Similarly, so many people reason that an ‘A school’ master’s degree means an automatic employment with high salaries, which is not usually the case. My investment decision will be based on the returns I get. The payback period for my accounting occupation will for instance be; payback period is obviously between 3 and 4 years as the identical initial outlay is $110,000 which is between $90,000 and $170,000. For exact period, Payback period for my desired occupation = 3years + ($110,000 – $90,000) / $79,806 = 3 years + $20,000/$50,000 = 3 years and 4.8 months. The NPV for my accounting occupational will be; Net Present Value @ 12%; Years 1 2 3 4 Net Cash flow (NCF) $000 20 30 40 50 Cost of Capital @ 12% 0.893 0.797 0.712 0.636 Present Value $000 17.86 23.91 28.48 31.8 5 70 0.567 39.69 141, 74. Net Present Value = $141,740 – $110,000 = $31,740. The IRR for my accounting occupational will be; Internal rate of return = positive rate + (positive NPV / (positive NPV + negative NPV)) x range of rates = 20% + ($2,880 / ($2,880 + $10,860)) x (25% – 20%) = 20% + ($2,880 / $13,740) x 5% = 20% + (0.21 x 5) = 20% + 1.05 = 21.05% Internal rate of return for my desired occupation= 21.05% and is a good one since it is greater than cost of capital. A main factor that most objectionable to an MBA is the monetary cost of obtaining the degree. Tuition fee can range from $30000 to $ 50000 per annum. Other expenses raises the cost to about $85,000 yearly, implying the cost of about $170000 in two years. Although the cost for an MBA may be quite high, according to a statistics by the Graduate Management Admission Council, the average package for an MBA in the last ten years was $110000, which is up from the average of $87,000 in 2007. The average salary of graduates with a Bachelor’s degree in 2011 was $48351. The difference between an MBA and Bachelor’s is an increase of 195% or $45649. The ‘return on investment’ is 171.7 %, using the cost of $170000 from and the average increase of salary over a bachelor’s degree for a ten year period (Lavelle,  2013). Different people have varying reasons as per MBA value, when it is about obtaining it. The reason I have for obtaining an MBA is personal and is something that I have always wanted in my life. It may not be of benefit to me in my current job in terms of earnings potential income, but I believe it will make me more marketable if I decide to change careers or companies. Many statics show a path of MBA negativity from a viewpoint of new graduates without careers versus those with careers, those with who are employed and are from the a-schools versus the b-schools. I believe MBA is of more benefit to those individuals who have a career and are looking for new career change or looking to moving up in their own personal companies. If a person is feeling stagnant in his or her career, then getting an MBA will be the excellent way to take himself or herself to the next level. For most people an MBA will open up more new opportunities, whether it is a career that will makes more sense for your life and skills or a career that will promote you to a better position within your company. The act of getting an MBA shows that you are serious about your potential to succeed and other people are most likely see you in a higher regard because of undertaking such an action. For most people, MBA continue to be the building block of ultimate success. References Brewer, Kristen L.; Brewer Peggy D. (2012). Influencing variables and perceptions regarding MBA degree programs. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. CBS Money Watch. (2007).Five hard truths about the MBA. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505125_162-51170538/five-hard-truths-about-the-mba/ Lavelle, L.  (2013).  Bloomberg business week: the MBA’s value? Debatable.  Retrieved fromhttp://www.businessweek.com/bschools/blogs/mba_admissions/archives/2014/11/the_mbas_value_debatable.html Source document