Opec Saving Oil And Going Green - 2559 Words

OPEC: Saving Oil Going Green Historians look back upon the beginning of the industrial age as the beginning of the coal era; future historians will surely look back at this modern day and describe it as the oil era. Between transportation, heating, and industry oil can be found in many different forms throughout the entire world. Oil is as much an economic and political tool as it is a fuel; politicians haggle with it, wars are fought over it, and the absence of it can send entire economies into a decline. With such a large dependence on oil the question is raised, what will happen when the oil, like other limited fossil fuels, is gone? How will this crisis affect the regions of the world that rely on oil and the regions that produce†¦show more content†¦This is evident even today as existing oil producers are reaching their peaks of production, or their production as plateaued and is no longer growing to match demand. The Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas USA ( ASPO) reports that of the 42 largest oil producers in the world, which account for 98% of all oil production in the world, about 30 have plateaued or peaked. ASPO also notes that of the 12 major OPEC nations,  ½ have peaked or plateaued. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has calculated the average depletion rate of oil to be about 5.1% per year meaning that production of oil drops around 3.7 million barrels per day each year. The peak oil crisis is such a demanding threat because as the world’s supply of oil is peaking the demand is rising. The IEA states that given the trend of population growth the demand for oil is rising 1.6% a year. This means that the growing demand will call for 64 million additional barrels of oil per day by the year 2030, this being the equivalent of 6 new Saudi Arabias (ASPO). It becomes clear that the peak oil dilemma is pressing, but it is especially pressing for organizations like OPEC. OPEC is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Co untries and is an international organization between oil rich nations which work to control, stabilize, and influence the price and exportation of oil. Many countries throughout the world import their oil from OPEC countries which

Autism and Psychology Free Essays

Autism: â€Å"Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human†¦ â€Å"(Aristotle, 328 B. C. in Aronson, 1995). We will write a custom essay sample on Autism and Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now We have been designed from birth to need and trust and socialize with one another in various ways. Yet, why is it so difficult for some but not for others. I have a four year old Autistic son that also has severe developmental delays due to prematurity and birthing complications. There are days that he gets frustrated at not even being able to communicate basic needs or just wants to be in his own world, left to his own device. That for anyone is rough, but knowing I am his mother makes it worse. Social interaction is such an important part of growing as not only a human being, but also for the brain. Even from the beginning of time man has leaned on the premise of needing that companionship and contact with the world around them. Being from the South, you are instructed and taught from day one to be cordial and have social interactions regularly with others in and out of your class, race, or religion. But what if you cannot convey and relate to the social customs? Does that mean you are to forever be labeled as a deviant, eccentric, or antisocial? If it is funding that you have mental issues you don’t discuss them or you are forever looked at as a child. Traditionally, that means that these individuals were ostracized, stigmatized and even eliminated for the good of the whole, as the compromised the very fabric of society by proposing to build a group of individuals, somewhat like a cult, that were interconnected forever( Aronson, 1995). Animal test subjects have been well conditioned to run through mazes or pressed bars for food or to avoid electric shocks administered by researchers; likewise humans comply within similar consequences. Furthermore, it has also been documented that behavior motivated by external consequences is relatively short-lived, ceasing with the consequence is no longer available (Thompson, Iwata, 2001). This can even be seen when a mother is watching her children, and then steps out. The children understand to behave in both situations and the latter situation may have a punishment if that direction is not followed properly. Yet, as soon as the mother steps out, the non-conformist child will misbehave, only because of the punishment, even if the other sibling(s) is behaving themselves properly. Something stops a child like this from comprehending why this is wrong and what is truly acceptable. This may be in part to some issues with the connections to neuro-transmitters or lack thereof. Often times these children are not even motivated by reward systems, they will continue to misbehave at some point even when the mother returns, almost challenging her. Therefore, they will never be in society as an integral part, but as part of the problem. This, however, is not true for Autistic children. They wish to be the same, but again, the neuro-transmitters misfire and do not allow for them to ‘compare apples to oranges’. In 1943 Leo Kanner named such children as, socially withdrawn. He outlined the social disorder in 11 boys that he studied as an â€Å"autistic disturbance of affective contact† because of their apparent disinterest in other people and inability to be socially influenced (Kanner, 1943, in Frith, 1989). In spite of this, in 1984 the American Psychiatric Association, deemed this as a pervasive disorder, among others, and now it is simply known as Autism (APA, 1984). Over the past ten years Autism has been redefined again as the most complicated neurological disorder affecting the central nervous system of a large number of people. It is also the most confusing and pervasive of the developmental disorders as little is known for a cause, there is no cure, and treatments vary among individuals (Frith Happe’, 1994). The typical stereotype of an individual with autism describes a withdrawn, mute child with an inverted gaze engaged in repetitive activities or self-stimulatory behaviors, ASD or Autism Spectrum Disorder, ranges from severe to very mild(Mesibov Burack, 2001). Yet, the ones that have such disorders, have recently been labeled as Autistic due to lack of social prowess and extreme knowledge and fixation on one profession. These subsets of children can often times appear normal within the first year but start regressing in knowledge and skill, or not improving or gain skills at all. Eventually, one can build a wall to even keep family out, or fixate on something so hard it becomes an obsession or routine that if stopped could be mentally, physically, and socially detrimental(Kennedy Shukla, 1995). Although, it is also important to remember that individuals with ASD are not totally withdrawn, socially and may even interact from time to time, but this can be limited. I know as more going from hearing your child say ‘I love you’ and hug often, to once or twice week is difficult. The first time my son ran and hugged me and looked me in the eye was very emotional for me, but he did not understand. This leads to my next point: cognition. As I said before many ASD children do not understand emotions or are seldom empathetic. They may ask questions about the emotions you are showing but do not fully understand what you are telling them. This again is due to a misfiring of neuor-transmitters. That is why so many ASD children really like Thomas the Train. He teaches them emotions and what the facial expressions mean. My son now understand crying, anger, and excitement. Therefore, while they have a social desire, the interference in the cognitive system proves to be the main problem (Happe, 1999; Baron-Cohen, 1985; Dodge, 1980). Cognitive processing systems such as motivation, decision making and emotions are believed to be prompted when one responds to stimuli. These stimuli characterize the different mental states (desires, imagination, emotions, etc. ) that psychologists believe to be the cause of ones actions. Yet, without appropriately developed social cognition individuals have difficulty forming social relationships with others and this is evidenced by poor social behavior (Baron-Cohen, 2000). A study was designed to test this theory, and it found that 64% of individuals with ASD have first degree relatives with more extensive mental health issues, like major depression, and 39% had other social phobias (Smalley, et al, 1995). That being said, one can conclude that unlike other studies, ASD maybe a genetic disease mutated from other mental illness issues. This would also help the justice system that was once scandalized by improprieties of inmates due to a lack of knowledge. By understanding what type of ASD and the severity one can simply argue mental illness? Now I am not condoning every run out on the crazy defense, but if the shoe fits, why would we just put someone who is innocent into the system as done years ago. Think of the good old days when one could be simply thrown in jail for no id or not talking but if you have a mentally ill or developmentally disabled individual, and you put them in an environment that is rough, harsh, and not anything like their routine, it is no wonder why we had so many inmate suicides and still do inmates slip through the cracks continuously. But we may never see that happen due to public opinion. We as a society look at children with developmental delays or ASD as animals. I find it sickening. Or we think the parent does not discipline the child. Yet, due to lack of cognitive understanding, it would gain to reason why one does not benefit from punishing this type of child; they simply do not understand and are eager to please. Some may disagree but my son’s doctor actually explained to us that anything more than timeout/cool down period would be over his head. Even taking away toys would be ineffective. So the next time you are at a store take that into consideration. Now that I am off of my soapbox consider this: The acceptance of inadequacies in the empathizing process of individuals with Autism can offer more tolerance of the behaviors they display. Thus, they are not capable enough to calculate the conduct of others readily and we would expect an avoidance of impulsive situations. This is apparent in the outbursts and obsessive behaviors these individuals show in an effort to control and maintain routines in their environments (Dodge, 1980). Now some can point to sensory issues, needing to feel secure through various methods close to the five senses. A lot of the Autism community says that therapies for these aversions and how to cope will cause the ASD patient to understand, control, and manipulate to achieve a normal life. Nevertheless, the sensory struggles coincide with socio-emotional issues and are noted as early as infancy. Hence, the various longitudinal studies of infants later diagnosed with autism show empty eye gaze, poor response to name, aloofness, reduced looking-at-faces, and deficits in directing attention (Mottron Burack, 2001). And while it appears that these skills, as well as impairments in early social-communication skills and joint attention are present long before speech and mind blindness develop (Koegel Mentis, 1985; Shanker, 2004; Wing Gould, 1979). Additionally, developmental theories on attachment and affective responsiveness have suggested that children with impaired social emotional relating in infancy will not develop appropriate social understanding and as a result social interaction and communication skills will suffer (Kennedy Shukla, 1995). In spite of that, Supporters of the theory of mind suggest that people with Autism lack the ability to comprehend thoughts and experiences that occur outside of themselves (Happe, 1991). While I can see that, since my son gets stuck on one thing that happened and will talk about it for months as though it happened yesterday, the difficulty in understanding the mental thoughts of others often results in bizarre communication patterns (Happe, 1999). Thus, blindness and a clear lack of meeting of the minds, also appears to interfere with the ability to identify with others or to understand another person’s point of view (Shanker, 2004). So do we really know what people with Autism need, or are we just grabbing air in a world full of marshmallows? Bibliography American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV (1984). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. ). American Psychiatric Association. Aronson, E. (1995). The social animal. (7th ed. ). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company. Baron-Cohen, S. (1985). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Baron-Cohen, S. (2000). Theory of mind and autism: A fifteen year review. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg ; D. J. Cohen (Eds), Understanding other minds: perspectives from developmental cognitive neuroscience (pp. 3-20). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dodge, K. (1980) Social cognition and children’s aggressive behavior. Child Development. 51, 162-170. Frith, U. (1989). Autism: Explaining the enigma. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Frith, U. , Happe, F. (1994). Autism: Beyond †theory of mind. † Cognition, 50, 115-132. Happe, F. (1991). The autobiographical writings of three asperger syndrome adults; problems of interpretation and implications for theory. In U. Frith (Ed. ), Autism and asperger syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Happe, F. (1999). Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 6, 216-222. Kennedy, C. H. , Shukla, S, (1995). Social interaction research for people with autism as a set of past, current, and emerging propositions. Behavioral Disorders, 21, 21-35. Koegel, R. L. , Mentis, M. (1985). Motivation in childhood autism: Can they or won’t they? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 26, 185-191. Mesibov, G. B. , Adams, L. W. , ; Klinger, L. G. (1997). Autism: Understanding the disorder. New York, NY: Plenum Press. Shanker, S. (2004). The roots of mindblindness. Theory ; Psychology, 14, 5, 685-703. Smalley SL, McCracken J, Tanguay P. (1995). Autism, affective disorders, and social phobia. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 27, 60, 1, 19-26. Thompson, R. H. , ; Iwata, B. A. (2001). A descriptive analysis of social consequences following problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34, 169-178. Wing, L. , ; Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 11-29. How to cite Autism and Psychology, Essay examples

Transformational Leaders Emirates Trading Agency

Question: Discuss about theTransformational Leadersfor Emirates Trading Agency. Answer: Introduction In the Middle East, most of the companies are working as per the instruction of transformational leadership and Emirates Trading Agency (ETA) is one of them. The best example of transformational leadership is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the company (ETA) who works with subordinates for identifying the changes which are needed for the company in the Middle East. He creates a vision and also guides a range through inspiration. CEO of the company can define as a transformational leadership who processes changing and transforming an individual's performance which involves an unusual form of influence that follower moves for the accomplishment of more than its expectation. The companys CEO has concerns with emotions, values, ethics, standards and long-term goals in the Middle East (Avolio, 2013). Determination of the Key Transformational Qualities A Clear Vision: CEO of ETA must have a clear vision of the organization to run the business properly. He can communicate clearly and to achieve some common goals and objectives in the Middle East (Yammarino, 2013). Courage and Self Motivation: CEO must have the courage to take new challenges and issues in the company. He is self-motivated by his nature because he maintains the mission and vision success of the company as well as motivates the employee of the company in the Middle East (Mossholder, 2013). The inspiration of Vision and Challenge: The Companys CEO works according to the mission and vision statement of the organization. He has the quality to maintain new challenges and vision statement in the organization. His work is based on personal passion and can inspire the customers to buy the product of the company (Feild, 2013). Setting organization Standard: CEO of the company can maintain the standard of the company in the Middle East. He also sees if there is any change required in setting and development function of the company (Armenakis, 2013). Pleasing Personality: The Companys CEO must have a pleasant voice in front of his customers to maintain good and efficient CRM with customers. A good behavior and voice of leaders attract customers to buy the product of ETA in the Middle East (Carter, 2013). Impact of CEO as a Transformational Leadership in the Company Communication Skills: The Companys CEO has a major impact on communication skills because he deals with the customer as per his opinion. He has the power to develop communication skills in the company (Birasnav, 2014). Growth and Development: The CEO as a transformational leadership of ETA must have an impact in the organization in maintaining and transforming the growth and development in the Middle East. An effective CEO must have the ability to develop business consistently into the target market. Organizational Change and Development: A chief executive officer of the company must impact the development and organizational change and also reaches its success in every level of the company. He also affects the organization in facing new challenges and tools related to the success of ETA in the Middle East (Al Azzeh, 2013). Increasing performance: The CEO as a leader of ETA can increase working performance of the company with the help of employees as well as make a determination of vital intervention which is needed for the company in the Middle East (Birasnav, 2014). Development Skills of a CEO to Become a Transformational Leadership Think Critically: A chief executive officer of the company must have to think about the development strategy growth and success of the company to become a transformational leadership in the Middle East. Initiatives: To be a transformational leader, an effective CEO has to take some critical initiatives for the growth of the company such as maintains an integrity of the organization. Effectiveness: It is one of the essential skills for the CEO in ETA to become a transformational leadership of the company. He has to listen clearly in the training and development program about the growth and success in the Middle East organization (Newman, 2013). Discipline: Discipline is much required at the time of becoming a transformational leadership in Emirates Trading Agency. A CEO has to be self-disciplined to become a transformational leader. Figure 1: Structure of Transformational Leadership Source: (www.leadershipstrategy.com) Success of the Emirates Trading Agency Depends on Transformational Leadership (CEO) It has been considered that success of the company wholly depends on effective CEO as a transformational leadership. As per my opinion, a transformational leader can be a CEO who has to maintain the entire performance of the company to reach business at its success point. He has to maintain all the departmental work related to any training and development program for the growth of the company. A CEO works according to the mission and vision statement of the company in the Middle East (Sheikh, 2013). Potentials and Suggestions to Develop the Leadership Skills of the Company In the Middle East, the organization system is not properly maintained, for this, a CEO as a transformational leadership must need to take potentials and ideas to grow up the business. He needs to maintain current market affairs and needs to maintain wastage in ETA in the Middle East. He has to set up some training and development program to run the business successfully in the Middle East. He has the power to take risks and makes some fundamental decisions for the growth of Emirates Trading Agency in the Middle East country. References Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013).Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Birasnav, M. (2014). Knowledge management and organizational performance in the service industry: The role of transformational leadership beyond the effects of transactional leadership.Journal of Business Research,67(8), 1622-1629. Carter, M. Z., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., Mossholder, K. W. (2013). Transformational leadership, relationship quality, and employee performance during the continuous incremental organizational change.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(7), 942-958. Sheikh, A. Z., Newman, A., Al Azzeh, S. A. F. (2013). Transformational leadership and job involvement in the Middle East: the moderating role of individually held cultural values.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(6), 1077-1095.